A Beginners Guide to Reading a Map

In an age when mapping apps are commonplace, you may think traditional map reading an obsolete skill. But if you enjoy hiking, camping, exploring the wilderness, and other outdoor activities, a good road or  topographic map can be your best friend. Real maps are reliable. Unlike cell phones and GPS devices, there are no signals to lose or batteries to change with a paper map—you can trust that theyll get you where you need to go. This guide will introduce you to the basic elements of a map. Legend Cartographers or map designers use symbols to represent different elements of a map. The legend, also called a key, is the map feature that shows you how to interpret these symbols.  Legends are often in the shape of a rectangle. While not exactly the same across the board, many symbols in a legend are fairly standard from one map to another. A square with a flag on top usually represents a school and a dashed line usually represents a border. Note, however, that map symbols often used in the United States are generally used for different things in other countries. The symbol for a secondary highway used on a United States Geological Survey topographic map, for example, represents a railroad on Swiss maps. Title A maps title tells you at a glance what that map is depicting. If youre looking at a map called A Road Map of Utah, you can expect to see interstate and state highways, plus major local roadways across the state. A Utah Geological Map, on the other hand, will depict specific scientific data for the region, such as city groundwater supplies. Regardless of the type of map youre using, it should have a useful title. Orientation A map isnt very helpful if you dont know you dont know your position on it. Most cartographers align their maps so that the top of the page represents north and use a small arrow-shaped icon with an N beneath it to point you in the right direction. Keep north at the top of your page. Some maps, such as topographic maps, instead point to true north (the North Pole) or to magnetic north (where your compass points, to northern Canada). More elaborate maps may even include a compass rose, depicting all four cardinal directions (north, south, east, west). Scale A life-sized map is simply impossible. Instead, cartographers use ratios to reduce a mapped region to a much more manageable size. A maps scale tells you what ratio is being used or, more commonly, depicts a given distance as the equivalent of a measurement. For example, 1 inch representing 100 miles.   The scale of a map will be smaller for large regions and larger for small regions depending on how much an area has been shrunken to fit. Color There are many color schemes used by cartographers for different purposes. Whether a map is political, physical, thematic, or general, a user can look to its legend for an explanation of colors.   Elevation is commonly represented as various dark greens for low or below sea level areas, browns for hills, and white or grays for areas of highest elevation. A political map, depicting only state and national borders or boundaries, uses a wide range of colors to separate states and countries. Contour Lines If youre using a topographic map that depicts changes in elevation in addition to roads and other landmarks, youll see wavy and meandering brown lines. These are called contour lines and represent a given elevation as it falls upon the contour of the landscape. Neatline A neatline is the border of a map. It helps to define the edge of the map area and keep things looking organized. Cartographers may also use neatlines to define offsets, which are mini-maps depicting magnified important areas or those not within the maps boundaries. Many road maps, for example, contain offsets of major cities that show additional cartographic  detail like local roads and landmarks.

America Is Still on Top - 1505 Words

Analyzing the Article â€Å"America, Still on Top† American universities currently do a better job overall at preparing students for the society. Vartan Gregorian in his article â€Å"America, Still on Top†, declares that one of the great strengths of U.S. higher education is that it grew by â€Å"informal design†. He mentions the 1862 Morrill act, which the states were able to found colleges by using federal lands. Also states created universities, junior city and county colleges. In this article Gregorian compare the universities in America with some countries especially China. He talks about the private universities in some countries and discusses the reason that they are not as successful as American’s Universities. Also he talks about†¦show more content†¦In some countries all the students cannot enter universities because there are not enough universities, but they are willing to continue their education. So some low-quality universities are built up that Gregorian names them as â€Å"universities only in name†. He brings an example of these kinds of private universities in the central India n state of Chhattisgarh. Also in these kinds of universities some people just want to consider as a student and get a degree and probably get a good job in the future. They enroll in these universities that have poor quality. This is a really good argument that he mentioned. This shows the difference in quality between the universities in America and other countries. Paying good salaries to the professors in the U.S can have a positive effect on the quality of the universities in America, but it is not everything. Gregurian claims that: â€Å"Faculty is also an issue: In many countries, professors are poorly paid and institutions rely on temporary adjuncts, lectures and part- timers†. This is a good point. When the institutions in other countries rely on temporary staff, the quality of education will decrease compare to schools in America that do not have these kinds of problems. Again he does not mention the name of the country and school. He does not have ethics in his writing. He brings good examples, but they are not credible. I agree that teachers, who get good salaries, work betterShow MoreRelatedAre We A Fast Food Nation?1332 Words   |  6 Pagesdrive to drive thru, receive food in a instance, and it has become a habit. Since the recession the fast food industry has recover and it’s doing better than ever. The burgers being the most popular fast food sold in America. America is also in the top 10 fast food nations. America is a fast food nation. Americans fast food nation did not just happen overnight. Instead it started with some hot dog and hamburger stands (Mifflin). 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Donatello Essay Research Paper Donatello free essay sample

Donatello Essay, Research Paper Donato di betto bardi Donatello ( 1386-1466 ) was a maestro of sculpture in bronze and marble and was one of the greatest Italian Renaissance creative persons of his clip. A batch is known about his life and calling but small is known about his character and personality. He neer married and seems to be a adult male of simple gustatory sensations. Patrons frequently found him difficult to cover with and he demanded a batch of artistic freedom. The letterings and signatures on his plants are among the earliest illustrations of classical Roman inscription. He had a more elaborate scope of cognition of antediluvian sculpture than any other creative person of his clip. His work was inspired by ancient ocular illustrations which he frequently transformed, he was truly viewed as a realist but subsequently research showed he was much more. Early calling. Donatello was the boy of Niccolo di Betto Bardi, a Florentine wool carder. It is non known how he started his calling but likely learned stone carving from one of the sculpturers working for the cathedral of Firenze about 1400. Some clip between 1404 and 1407 he became a member of the workshop of Lorenzo Ghiberti who was a sculpturer in bronze. Donatello # 8217 ; s earliest work was a marble statue of David. The # 8220 ; David # 8221 ; was originally made for the cathedral but was moved in 1416 to the Palazzo Vecchio which is a metropolis hall where it long stood as a civic-patriotic symbol. From the 16th century on it was eclipsed by the mammoth # 8220 ; David # 8221 ; of Michelangelo which served the same intent. Other of Donatello # 8217 ; s early plants which were still partially Gothic are the impressive seated marble figure of St. John the Evangelist for the cathedral and a wooden rood in the church of Sta. Croce. The full power of Donatello foremost appeared in two marble statues, # 8220 ; St. Mark # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; St. George # 8221 ; which were completed in 1415. # 8220 ; St. George # 8221 ; has been replaced and is now in the Bargello. For the first clip the human organic structure is rendered as a functional being. The same qualities came in the series of five prophesiers statues that Donatello did get downing in 1416. The statues were of beardless and bearded Prophetss every bit good as a group of Abraham and Isaac in 1416-1421 and besides the # 8220 ; Zuccone # 8221 ; and # 8220 ; Jeremiah # 8221 ; . # 8220 ; Zuccone # 8221 ; is celebrated as the finest of the belfry statues and one of the creative person # 8217 ; s chef-doeuvres. Donatello invented his ain bold new manner of alleviation in his marble panel # 8221 ; St. George Killing The Dragon # 8221 ; ( 1416-1417 ) . The technique involved shallow carving throughout, which created a more dramatic consequence than in his earlier plants. He no longer modelled his forms but he seemed to # 8220 ; pigment # 8221 ; them with his chisel. Donatello continued to research the possibilities of the new technique he would utilize in his marble alleviation of the 1420 # 8217 ; s and early 1430 # 8217 ; s. The best of these were # 8221 ; The Ascension, with Christ Giving the Keys to St. Peter, # 8221 ; the # 8221 ; Feast of Herod # 8221 ; ( 1433-1435 ) , the big stucco roundels with scenes from the life of St. John the Evangelist ( 1434-1437 ) , and the dome of the old vestry of S. Lorenzo shows the same technique but with coloring material added. Donatello had besides become a major sculpturer in bronze. His earliest work of this was the more than life size statue of St. Louis ( 1423 ) which was replaced half a century subsequently. Donatello in partnership with Michelozzo helped with all right bronze image on the grave of the Catholic Pope John XXIII in the baptismal font, the # 8220 ; Assumption of the Virgin # 8221 ; on the Brancacci grave and the dance angels on the out-of-door dais of the Prato Cathedral ( 1433-1438 ) . His going from the criterions of Brunelleschi did non travel to good between the two old friends and was neer repaired. Brunelleschi even made quips against Donatello. During his partnership with Michelozzo, Donatello made plants of pure sculpture, including several plants of bronze. The earliest and most of import of these was the # 8220 ; Feast of Herod # 8221 ; ( 1423-1427 ) . He besides made two figurines of Virtues and so three bare kid angels ( one which was stolen and is now in the Berlin museum ) . These statues prepared the manner for the bronze statue of David, the first big graduated table, free-standing bare statue of the Renaissance. It was the most classical of Donatello’s plants and was done for a private frequenter. Its recorded history begins with the nuptials of Lorenzo the magnificent in 1469, when it was placed in the courtyard of the Palazzo Vecchio. Whether the # 8220 ; David # 8221 ; was requested by the Medici or non, Donatello worked for them ( 1433-1443 ) , bring forthing sculptural ornaments for the Old Sacristy in S. Lorenzo, the Medici church. Works at that place included ten big alleviations in colored stucco and two sets of little bronze doors which showed saints. Paduan period. In 1443 Donatello was about to get down work on two more bronze doors for the cathedral. He started work on a statue of Erasmo da Narmi, called Gattamelata, who had died shortly earlier. Donatello did most of the work on the statue between 1447 and 1450 but the statue was non placed on the base until 1453. It shows him in classical armor, the wand of bid in his raised right manus. This statue was the ascendant of all the memorials erected since. Its celebrity was spread far and broad. Even before it was on public position, the King of Naples wanted Donatello to make the same sort of statue for him. In the early 1450 # 8217 ; s, Donatello started to work on some of import plants for the Paduan church of S. Antonio. These plants included a bronze rood and a new high communion table. His richly decorated architectural plants of marble and limestone include seven lifesize bronze statues, 21 bronze alleviations of assorted sizes, and a big limestone alleviation, # 8220 ; Entombment of Christ. # 8221 ; The lodging for these was destroyed a century subsequently and the present agreement, dating from 1895 is incorrect historically. The Madonna and St. Francis are outstanding and the finest of the alleviations are the four miracles of St. Anthony. Donatello was great in managing big Numberss of figures ( one alleviation has more than one 100 ) which predicts the building criterions of the High Renaissance. Donatello was non making much work the last three old ages at Padua, the work for the S. Antonio communion table was unpaid for and the Gattamelata memorial non placed until 1453. Offers of other topographic points reached him from Mantua, Modena, Ferrara, and even Naples, but nil came of them. He was clearly go throughing through a crisis that prevented him from working. He was subsequently quoted as stating that he about died # 8220 ; among those toads in Padua. # 8221 ; in 1456 the Florentine doctor Giovanni Chellini noted he had successfully treated the maestro for a drawn-out unwellness. Donatello merely completed two plants between 1450 and 1455, the wooden statue # 8220 ; St. John the Baptist # 8221 ; and a figure of Mary Magdalen. Both works show new world, Donatello # 8217 ; s once powerful organic structures have become shriveled and spidery. When the # 8221 ; Magdalen # 8221 ; was damaged in the 1966 inundation at Florence, Restoration work revealed the original pai nted surface, including realistic flesh tones and aureate high spots throughout the saint # 8217 ; s hair. Late Florentine period. During his absence, a new coevals of sculpturers who excelled in the intervention of marble surfaces had rose in Florence. With the alteration in Florentine gustatory sensation, all of Donatello # 8217 ; s of import petitions came from outside Florence. They included the bronze group # 8220 ; Judith and Holofernes # 8221 ; which is now standing before the Palazzo Vecchio and a bronzy statue of St. John the Baptist for Siena cathedral, besides undertook the work of the brace of bronzy doors in the late 1450 # 8217 ; s. This undertaking, which might hold rivalled Ghiberti # 8217 ; s doors for the Florentine baptismal font, was abandoned about 1460 for unknown grounds. The last old ages of Donatello # 8217 ; s life were spent planing duplicate bronze daiss for S. Lorenzo, and once more in the service of his old frequenters the Medici, he died on December 13, 1466. These duplicate bronze daiss covered with reliefs demoing the passion of Christ, are plants of enormous religious deepness and complexness. Even though some parts were left unfinished, they had to be completed by lesser creative persons.

Full Sentence Outline free essay sample

I chose to have them as the main points so that they could lead off my arguments and I would be able to prove my point with each statement following that. I want my story to flow nice and smoothly so I tried to place everything in an order so that one sentence flows smoothly into the next. I stated the facts about how a healthy heart should function and how an unhealthy heart may function to support any counterarguments. I also mentioned the benefits of minimally invasive surgery and nanotechnology versus traditional cardiac health care.

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Essay Example

Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Essay Example Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Paper Effect of Temperature on Enzyme Activity Paper The objective of this experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on the rate that enzymes work. The purpose was to determine whether increasing the temp made the enzymes more active, and if so, at what temperature does the activity start to decline. The experiment consisted of thirty test tubes, with 5 test tubes at each temperature. The temperatures used were 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius. For each temperature there were four test tubes with a sucrose substrate, a buffer, and an enzyme, and one test tube with just sucrose substrate, a buffer, and distilled water. After the liquids were mixed and left for exactly twenty minutes, DNS was added to each test tube and then each tube was boiled for 10 minutes, and finally the test tubes were removed from any heat and distilled water was added. Finally the blank test was placed in the photo spectrometer, and the results were compared the other four test tubes to determine the absorption rate for each temp. Compared with the best fit line for the given data, the average absorption was plotted and then calculated to determine the micro-moles of sucrose at each temp, and from there the rate of micro-moles of sucrose per minute. The results were that at 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60 degrees Celsius the average absorbance was .2895, .6880, .9100, 1.515, 1.670, and 1.345 respectively. This shows that from 10 to 50 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity increased, however at some point above 50 degrees Celsius the enzyme activity decreased. This implies that enzymes are more active around 40 and 50 degrees Celsius and less active either below or above those temperatures. The data provides grounds for a conclusion that enzymes are more active around 40 and 50 degrees Celsius, and less active on either end, with the activity declining sharply toward either extreme. Introduction The purpose of the experiment was to determine the effect of temperature on enzyme activity, specifically Invertase. Invertase is an enzyme that catalyses the cleavage of Sucrose into Fructose and Glucose. Enzymes are catalytic proteins that are used to speed up reactions. Enzymes speed up reactions by lowering the activation energy needed to complete a reaction in four ways: by bringing the substrates close together, orientating the substrates correctly, promoting acid-base reactions, and excluding water from the reactive environment. In order for a chemical reaction to occur, the necessary components of the reaction must first interact with each other. In most cases, this interaction is orientation specific: one collision between 2 molecules will allow the reaction to proceed while another collision of different molecules will not. The active site of an enzyme not only provides a specific environment for substrates to interact, but correctly orients the substrates involved, allowing the reaction to proceed. Acid-base reactions are a major component of many chemical reactions. Enzymes promote acid-base reactions by bringing proton-accepting and proton-donating R groups of amino acids in close proximity to substrates. Another way enzymes lower the activation energy is by shutting out H20. Enzymes bind substrates so tightly in their active site that some or all of the water molecules in solution are shut out. The absence of water molecules greatly lowers the activation energy for reactions that require a non-polar environment or reactions that occur between hydrophobic substrates. While enzymes do lower the activation energy of reactions, the rate at which they do this depends on many factors. Temperature is one of the factors that determines at what rate enzymes will catalyze reactions. All enzymes have a temperature range at which they catalyze the most reactions. Also at either end of the temperature spectrum, enzymes will cease to work. Enzymes are held together by a combination of Hydrogen Bonds, Hydrophobic interactions, and Vander wall interactions. These weak, non-covalent interactions can only hold enzymes together under very specific environmental conditions (temperature, PH, salt concentration). As any or all of these conditions become too harsh, the non-covalent bonds which hold the enzyme together are no longer able to do so. At the coldest temperatures, enzymes will not work because the particles in a specific solution would not move, and therefore the enzymes will not come in contact with any substrates with which to react. At the hottest temperatures the weak non-covalent bonds are not strong enough to hold the high energy components of the enzyme together. This experiment, while important is in no way groundbreaking. The data collected will not surprise anybody, but it will help to reinforce the conclusion that temperature effects enzyme activity in the way that at extremes of temperature enzymes will not work, and somewhere in between the lack of activity will be the ideal temp for each specific enzyme. Also this experiment will help the class learn firsthand how temperature, and all the other factors that effect enzyme activity, actually do. Each section of the experiment had a specific purpose, to aid in the formulation of a conclusion. The goal was to test the effect of temperature on enzyme activity. To test this, 5 test tubes were heated at temperatures at 10 degree intervals between 10 and 60 degrees Celsius, four with all the solutions present, and one constant with everything except the enzyme. The purpose of the control was to determine the color change (absorption rate) of the sucrose solution compared to a test tube without any enzyme. In case there was a change in color even without the enzyme, the control would determine how much change was due to enzyme activity, and how much was unrelated. After the heating at each specific temp for 20 minutes, DNS was added. The purpose of DNS was to stop the reaction and provide data for how much enzyme activity took place. The DNS reacted with the glucose, and the solution with DNS would change color depending on how much sucrose was separated into glucose and fructose. The more enzyme activity the darker the color, and the darker the color the more light would be absorbed by the test tube while in the spectrophotometer. Without the DNS one would not be able to tell with such accuracy just how active the enzyme Invertase was. The test tubes were placed in boiling water when the DNS was added to speed up the particles and to make sure everything that could react, did. Methods and Materials Initially, fairly large beakers containing tap water were heated to temperatures between 10 and 60 degrees Celsius at 10 degree intervals. When the water in these beakers reached the desired temperature, using whatever method necessary, the water was manipulated to stay at the temperature for as long as necessary, at least 30 minutes. After the desired temp was reached, 5 test tubes for each temperature were prepared, and each test set of test tubes was numbered 1-4, and B. All 5 test tubes were initially filled with .5ML of the sucrose substrate, and .5ML of the buffer. After that four of the test tubes had .5ML Invertase added, while the other had .5ML of distilled water added. Once all the necessary solutions had been added, the set of 5 test tubes, (one control and four with enzyme) for each temperature level were added to the temperature specific bath. The test tubes were placed in the bath in such a way that the test tubes would rest inside the beaker, with the heated or cooled water effecting the temperature inside the beaker. However there would be no contact between the heated water and the solutions inside the test tube. For the next 20 minutes each set of 5 test tubes was kept inside each temperature specific beaker, with the necessary adjustments being made to assure steadiness of temperature. When 20 minutes was up, each set of 5 test tubes was removed, and separated to avoid confusion of data. After the beakers were taken out, 1ML of DNS was added to each test tube in each temperature, then the tubes were covered with aluminum foil, and finally all the test tubes were placed in a beaker with boiling water for 10 minutes. After 10 minutes all the test tubes were removed from the boiling water bath. Next .5ML of distilled water was added to each beaker, then aluminum foil was placed over the top, and finally each test tube was cooled under cold water. After all the test tubes were cooled, each set of 5 was separated and prepared for the spectrophotometer. For each temperature level the following description is the same. The OD was set to 540 nm, and then the temperature blank was used to then set the transmission percentage. Then the four test tubes that contained the enzyme were placed in the Spectrophotometer and their values were compared with the blank test tube. The transmission for each of the four variable tubes was averaged to obtain an average for each temperature value. Finally a graph was made using the given data. The data obtained in the experiment was then compared with the best fit line of the graph of the given data, and the rate of enzyme activity for each temperature was calculated. Using the calculated data, a new graph was made with temperature and rate and the X and Y axis, to show visually the effect of temperature of enzyme activity. Used in this experiment were 6 large beakers, for the heating and cooling of the temperature baths. Also used were a few small beakers to hold the sucrose solution, the buffer, and the Invertase. To hold the 4 variable solutions and the one control for each temp value, 30 regular test tubes were used. To heat the large beakers two electrically powered burners were employed. To write on the test tubes the groups used wax pencils, and finally to accurately measure amounts of each solution syringes were used.

Research/Literary Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

/Literary Analysis - Research Paper Example One of the potent criticisms of the text lies in the psychoanalysis and the social psychology that were very much inherent during the time of the story’s publication related with the newly envisaged theory of sexual selection by Darwin. However, the story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† brings into contention many critical and psychological theories operating subtly within the tight-lipped and fast paced plot of the story which has a social importance at the contextual level as well. This essay intends to analyses the story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† and keeping in central position the character of the protagonist Louise Mallard helps to explain the socio-psychological position of the women in the contemporary society. THE STORY OF AN HOUR: AN ANALYSIS The story, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† centers round the life and struggle of a woman name Louise Mallard. The story had to face a volley of criticisms for considering a woman character as its protagonist and evoked a volley of controversies for selecting a woman at the center of the plot during the late Victorian era. In addition, the fact that the woman feels elated by hearing the news of her husband’s death, the kind of liberation of soul along with feeling of being free expressed after understanding that her husband is not going to return any more enable to envision the story as a feminist text at the outset. The confusion that whether the text, â€Å"The Story of an Hour† is a story of liberation or tragedy will always remain intact. At one hand, the death of her husband who has never shown enough concern or care to love his wife comes into surface. On the other hand, Louise starts to believe that her husband’s death is going to bring him freedom for her physically, mentally and sexually. And, this has to be taken into consideration that Louise is a representative of her time and society. The story is a raging war against patriarchy prevailing at the Chopinâ₠¬â„¢s time and challenges the idea of marriage and the false and the much hyped values associated with it. This can be well understood through the predicament and emotional turmoil that the protagonist of the story undergoes within an hour time span when she is not sure of her husband’s death. In the book, â€Å"The Story of an Hour : Kate Chopin’s Voice Against Patriarchy â€Å" by Anonym quotes worthily that â€Å"Chopin made women the subject of the patriarch-centered world by stressing the male boundaries and showing alternative ways for women to get out of this world by developing an own identity† (Anonym 12). Breaking the shackles of married life and liberating women only for the sake of liberation were not the sole agenda of the story. On the contrary, Chopin wanted to give a progressive dimension by providing a voice to a woman who wanted to be free and seek her own identity. The selection of Louise as the protagonist was intentional and to review the emotional turmoil of a woman who is not sure to express grief or gaiety at the news of her husband’s death through the eyes of Louise herself was deliberate. At this juncture, another female protagonist Josephine could have been a sorted choice or even a third person narrator. However, one has to understand the motif of Chopin behind framing the story and presenting it through the voice of the protagonist herself. Alan Cheuse insightfully mentions in the book, â€Å"

Foreign Direct Investment Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Foreign Direct Investment - Term Paper Example The power theory  explains why a firm will invest abroad, it is a classical theory developed by the work of Adam Smith who stated that as firms grow and profits increase foreign direct investment enable the firm to shift surplus capital by investing elsewhere, the firm will also invest abroad due to increased competition in the home country and therefore decides to invest abroad where there is low competition. The work of Karl Marx also explains the existence of foreign direct investment, according to Marx as the rate of consumption in the home country decreases the profits of the firm declines and for this reason, the firm will invest abroad for the reason of increasing consumption levels and profit levels.   Therefore a firm according to this macroeconomic theory will invest abroad due to their abundance in capital and they will invest in the country which uses labor-intensive means of production in order to increase profits as the cost of production is lower, the firm will find it more advantageous to invest in a country where labor cost is lower as the cost of labor in the home country is higher than the country abroad.  Ã‚   investing overseas, the firm which invests in other countries will experience economies of scale by investing in other countries which will be experienced due to the intangible assets that they possess, such intangible resources include skilled management and organizational know-how which aid in experiencing the economies of scale when they invest abroad. The firms, therefore, will experience economies of scale in the market abroad due to their possession of technological know-how whereby they will be in a position to reduce their cost of production.   Location advantage theory: This theory explains the product cycle which involves the production of new products using new technology and this products are first introduced to the home market, by investing abroad therefore the firm will be in a position to easily shift the production of these new products due to the nearness to the market abroad and also low cost of factors of production.